crime and punishment through the ages ks2 crime and punishment through the ages ks2

An action-packed historical adventure that transports the reader back to England at the time of the Gunpowder Plot. In this section you will find podcasts, articles and resources to support a study of crime and punishment. This picture book can be used in KS2 to explore themes of objectivity, prejudice and the importance of hearing different sides of the same story before reaching a verdict. Crime and Punishment For Kids: There were no police in the Middle Ages. School groups can experience interactive tours and workshops and investigate topics such as crime and punishment through the ages, Victorian History, capital punishment, rehabilitation and the effects of crime on the victims and families. This podcast gives you an overview of the main changes and continuities in crime, punishment, trials and policing between the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Early Modern Period. Rebecca Valley Curious Cases: True Crime For Kids . $29.17 + $2.02 shipping. registered in England (Company No 02017289) with its registered office at Building 3, Remembrance Day When did we start wearing poppies and have we always done so. Join master storyteller Terry Deary for a trip back in time to Saxon times and an exciting adventure. Show Activity Quest: Days out and crafts for kids, Ep CRIME AND PUNISHMENT SPECIAL: Oxford Castle and Prison and punishment through the ages - 20 Feb 2023 Pearl/Band 18 books offer fluent readers a complex, substantial tex It was also public and frequently so horrible that an accused person who expected conviction might commit suicide instead. This survey is part of the Ridley collection and show some of the lands in and around Blyth that the family owned, as . He goes to the apartment of an old pawnbroker, who lives . Crime and Punishment: Directed by Menahem Golan. The above video is from a third-party source. ASSASSINATION Political Murder Through The Ages by XAVIER WATERKEYN - True Crime. Lesson 8 Year 6 History - Crime and Punishment - Unit Overview Year 6 History - Crime and Punishment - Knowledge Organiser Year 6 History - Crime and Punishment - Assessment (Cumulative Questions) Year 6 History - Crime and Punishment - End of Topic Assessment 1 2 Next page 10. 7 0 obj Crime and punishment through time, c1000-present - Alec Fisher 2016-10-03 Endorsed for Edexcel Exam board: Pearson Edexcel Level: GCSE Subject: History Conditions. What was life like for a young offender in Victorian Times. Guilty verdicts in cases of murder, rape and treason - even lesser offences such as poaching, burglary and criminal damage - could all possibly end in a trip to the gallows. Through history there have always been people who have committed crimes and been punished. Crime and Punishment Rule of Law Also in this section Lower Key Stage 2 Crime and Punishment Rule of Law Learn about the development of the rule of law in British history from 1066 to the present day. The Justice then had the guilty person punished. Lower Key Stage 2 Crime and Punishment Introduce children to the development of the system of courts, police and different approaches to punishment from the Anglo-Saxon times to the modern day. darkly humorous tale of crime and punishmentand redemption. A historic trial dramatised from the Old Bailey archives, showcasing life in Georgian London. <> My Extraordinary Journey with Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nix. Banished, Beheaded or Boiled in Oil: A hair-raising history of crime and punishment throughout the ages! including through drama, formal presentations and debate. This illustration appeared in the margin of a medieval text-which helps us to answer the second part of the key question. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. KS2 lesson. One PP on what were crimes and another on what punishments were used, This website and its content is subject to our Terms and What makes an outstanding lesson in history? A short animation showing some gruesome medieval punishments! Many towns had 'whipping posts'. And can he find a way to save his son from hanging? Starting with Roman Britain, all the way to the 21st century, this book explores the changing ways in which criminals have been treated. There were many crime and punishments that occurred during the Tudor era. Sign up now! Ancient Roman children were taught to read and write using the laws. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Introduce pupils to the story of the fox and the goose which offers an accessible glimpse into medieval justice. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT THROUGH TIME. Menu. You can get free samples of our Teaching Packs by downloading our special preview packs. This information will help us make improvements to the website. A tongue-in-cheek twist on a well-loved fairy tale. Designed by Francis Greenway (a convict architect) it was built between 1817 and 1819 by convict labour. If crime did occur there were a number of things that the Saxons put in place to maintain order. Choose a section:Teaching Ideas | Resources | Facts | Videos | Books | Links. Our KS4 classroom activities and games will provoke some fascinating discussions about crime, punishment, justice and morality in different historical periods. Learn more. Millions is the humorous tale of a not-so-great train robbery. What to look for in excellent history lessons, Using artefacts to help childrens historical understanding at Key Stage 1, Thinking about Womens History Month at KS1? The students at Blaggards Gangster School take lessons in thievery, fabrication and stealth as they desperately attempt to become less dependable and make their felonious families proud by proving they have what it takes to succeed in the world of crime. Crime & Punishment History Lessons, Worksheets & Resources Browse our online library of Crime & Punishment lessons and resources. Become a member today to download our resource packs and enjoy these member-only benefits: Sign up to our newsletter and we will send you a HUGE pack of samples from our Teaching Packs! March 2023, Statutory Guidance: National curriculum in England: history programmes of study, National curriculum in England History programmes of study: key stages 1 and 2, National curriculum in England History programmes of study: key stage 3, OFSTED Webinar on primary and secondary History 2023, Keeping up-to-date with developments in primary history February 2023. Perfect for ages 4+, supporting learning in the earliest years of school. This book guides your child through the learning they are doing at school and is fully in line with the . They will also deepen their historical awareness and understanding of how our past is constructed through studying the famous highwayman Dick Turpin. People could be punished through various ways for crimes such as stealing, treason, rebellion or murder. It tells the story of an 18th Century highwayman who rides the roads at night to rob travellers. Kitty is supposed to stay safely at home but she regularly creeps out at night to watch her father and his men at work. A modern day adaptation of Dostoyevsky's classic novel about a young student who is forever haunted by the murder he has committed. Please. <>>> People could be punished through various ways for crimes such as stealing, treason, rebellion or murder. 11 0 obj An absorbing read about an American boy who is unfairly sent to a juvenile detention centre called Camp Green Lake. Starting with Roman Britain, all the way to the 21st century, this book explores the changing ways in which criminals have been treated. Court cases were now decided through Trial by Jury, where a group of twelve men decided who was guilty and told the Justice (who we now call a judge). Vicky's father is sent to jail for stealing a large sum of money from the bank and she sets about to prove that he is innocent. x]k0 j(::YA! Crime and Punishment Resources KS2 Whole Class Text in the form of a manual about how to deal with criminals across periods in history when time-travelling. 1 0 obj Archives, Open Government Licence Why and how rules and laws that protect people are made and enforced, why different rules are needed in . endstream 5 0 obj Sold Individually. Read free previews and reviews from booklovers. When they have been introduced to all aspects of the picture, ask the pupils to speculate as to the meaning of the pictures and annotate the features using the labels provided if you think this would help to consolidate the detail for some pupils. Explore our Event Calendar to find educational events throughout the entire year. People were hung for crimes such as stealing, treason, rebellion, riot or murder. Crime and punishment - KQ5 - Why did so much change happen, Planning for teaching 1000 years of Crime and Punishment, Crime and Punishment - KQ6 - Enquiry - Has the way we catch, Bringing GCSE Crime and Punishment right up-to-date, This website uses cookies to improve your experience. If you study this poem in KS2, take the opportunity to show pupils the picture book the Highway Rat by Julia Donaldson and Axel Scheffler they will enjoy their newly informed understanding of the inspiration behind an old favourite picture book! 5. Crime and punishment - KQ1 - How do we know what punishment was like 800 years ago. Please see link to some great venues that provide some great experiences on crime and punishment: By continuing to use this site, you agree to their use Learn more. Facts about Crime and Punishment 1:The Chinese Justice China isn't one of the best countries to commit crimes. Problem-solving, critical thinking and analysis, public speaking and debating. Study an aspect or theme in British history that extends pupils' chronological knowledge beyond 1066 such as crime and punishment from the Anglo-Saxons to the present. Jonathan Wild is on trial for organising robberies, then benefiting from returning the stolen goods to the victims. People could be punished through various ways for crimes such as stealing, treason, rebellion or murder. Most suitable for upper KS2, Berlie Doherty offers a tensely dramatic tale with plenty of detail to explore about Tudor life. <> These cookies do not store any personal information. The topic of crime and punishment is explored sensitively through philosophical enquiry, creative writing, poetry, drama, art and design. Shop eBooks and audiobooks at Rakuten Kobo. Donate 33 to get individual access to your key stage. This lesson asks the children to reflect upon and evaluate all that they have learnt about the changes to crime and punishment in Britain. Survey of Blyth, about 1800 Reference: ZRI/49/9 Suggested age groups: KS1, KS2, KS3, KS4, lifelong learners Subject areas: Industrial Development, Geography Download Word Document Download PDF CONTEXT SURVEY A survey is a type of document that lists the lands that someone owns. * Pearl/Band 18 books offer fluent readers a 2 0 obj Explore our full collection of guides! endobj endobj You are here: Home / Key stage 2 history / Outstanding Lessons and smart tasks / Post-1066 thematic / Crime and punishment - KQ1 - How do we know what punishment was like 800 years ago. The manorial court was held on the manor. Starting with Roman Britain, all the way to the 21st century, this book explores the changing ways in which criminals have been treated. Only 2 people were executed for these crimes and it can be concluded that many in Lincoln got away with their crime. block outcomes Session 1 Introduction Session 2 Timeline Session 3 Focus Session 4 Make Weve put together a list of recommended childrens books to support the KS2 topic of how crime and punishment have changed through the ages. This is a classic narrative poem from 1906. One of the most successful appears to have been a variation on '1,000 years of crime and punishment'. These were divided into twelve categories and known as the twelve tables. LOCATION: NOTTINGHAM. 1. 8 0 obj Suddenly Tom is faced with the choice of freeing his father or saving the king from an assassination plot. v3.0. v3.0, except where otherwise stated, Victorian children in trouble with the law, Friends of The National In Anglo-Saxon England they believed in a policy of retribution, for example a minor crime such as being drunk and disorderly would receive a punishment such as the stocks and the pillory. In 1202, the city of Lincoln in England had 114 murders, 89 violent robberies and 65 people were wounded in fights. stream * Links to further resources, where available. They were also displayed in public places, such as the forum. 2014 SATs Test Paper - KS2 Level 3-5; 2014 SATs Test Paper - KS2 Level 6; 2015 SATs Test Paper - KS2 Level 3-5; 2015 SATs Test Paper - KS2 Level 6; 2016 SATs Test Paper - GPS KS1; 2016 SATs Test Paper - GPS KS2; 2018 SATs Test Paper . Would you recommend the book for use in primary schools? For example, they may shoot a rifle bullet from the back of the culprit's head. There were many crime and punishments that occurred during the Tudor era. Some medieval crimes were settled by combat; the accused and the defendant would fight to the death, with the survivor being declared in the right. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. We'd like to use additional cookies to remember your settings and understand how you use our services. Develop enquiry skills by exploring the historical environment through hands on learning and stories. 12 0 obj <> Before you launch into the first key question you might like an introductory lesson in which you explore some of the issues pupils are going to be discussing so that the topic connects with their world today. Search for evidence, gather clues, and discover how science can help solve a mystery! Gangster School is a warm and witty series that will hold a high appeal to young readers. endobj William Rowan Hamilton Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales (1150524). It is easy to see why. Home / Key stage 2 history / Outstanding Lessons and smart tasks / Post-1066 thematic / Crime and punishment KQ1 How do we know what punishment was like 800 years ago. Delve into the fascinating tales of outlaw Robin Hood and his merry men. The Division of the Roman Empire shook up many things throughout the civilization, but one constant through it all was the idea of Crime and Punishment. Learning objectives can cover a multitude of hands on experiences: Increase knowledge of prison conditions, types of prisoners or inmates, reasons for imprisonment and stories of particular prisoners at that period of time. He falls for a landlords daughter called Bess and comes to a terrible fate in a tale of betrayal and sacrifice. Make a timeline of developments in crime and punishment. Crime & Punishment through the Ages Through history there have always been people who have committed crimes and been punished. Selected by expert judges, the 65 books for 3-16-year-olds will be used in homes, Today we are pleased to welcome to our blog author Ally Sherrick, whose new book 'Vita and the Gladiator' is out now. system of loyalty, which was rewarded, with gifts of money, land or power. When someone breaks a law they commit a crime and they can expect to be punished. A sequel, Mic-Drop, sees the smart and curious young sleuths investigate the suspicious death of a pop-star and I hope there will be lots more mysteries to come for Norva and Nik. The Romans are known as forward thinkers who were well advanced for their time. Starting with Roman Britain, all the way to the 21st century, this book explores the changing ways in which criminals have been treated. Today we are pleased to welcome to our blog author Barbara Henderson, whose new book 'Rivet Boy' is out now. Aimed at students 11-14 years old (KS3) & 14-16 years old (GCSE). One day, the Royal Family announces a 25 million reward for a painting that has been missing for about 200 years a second version of The Mona Lisa. On-site Nottingham KS2 KS3 KS4 KS5. Using her brilliant computer skills, Vicky decides to hack into the bank computer files to find evidence of the truth about the real thief. Curriculum Links: History, Citizenship, PSHE. Each event includes: Teaching Packs offers complete packs of teaching resources, linked to the topics that you teach. Creative Curriculum - Teaching Strategies 1988-01-01 The Creative Curriculum comes . Terry Dreary explores the infamous highwayman Dick Turpin through the eyes of different people in the crowd at his execution scene. 9. Created by expert history teachers, we look to reduce the workload in your busy schedule by creating ready-to-use resources. The history of crime and punishment has roots back in time, to Roman and Greek times, to the Middle Ages, with its punishments of stoning, burning, quartering, whipping, drowning and other violent acts. Pupils and students will learn and understand comparisons between their own experience and the lives of people through the ages. Read Janet and Alan Ahlbergs classic tale of, Learn more about the crime novelist Agatha Christie using, Older children will enjoy investigating the source materials in. Introduce children to the development of the system of courts, police and different approaches to punishment from the Anglo-Saxon times to the modern day. % The pair have big decisions to make, needing to reconcile their wildly different ideas about what to do with the cash. The survey provided as RS1 will help to focus discussion and to show how diverse pupils views are. They don't use intricate methods to execute bad people. Nottinghams former Courthouse and Gaol houses the UKs largest collection of over 40,000 law, justice, crime, and punishment artefacts and is an ideal location to bring crime and punishment studies to life. An exploration of crime and punishment throughout history, aimed at KS2 students. There were many crime and punishments that occurred during the Tudor era. A cyber-crime thriller from the former Children's Laureate Malorie Blackman. A tithing was a group of ten. One way of approaching the teaching of history beyond 1066 in Key Stage 2 is by taking a broad overview of a theme over time. Teaching Crime and Punishment as a post-1066 thematic unit at KS2 For a while now, a number of schools have been developing interesting thematic units that span 1,000 years and which redress the KS2 imbalance of pre-and post-1066 thematic studies. It is really important that you have a way of making sense of this. This short podcast will help to explain why this trend developed. This model text is a non-chronological report (infographic) about North Wales. endobj 2020 Dream Solutions Media Ltd. All rights reserved. 4. Entdecke Verbrechen und Strafe im Laufe der Jahrhunderte, Ben Hubbard, Taschenbuch in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! endobj It's the weekly kids entertainment show from the UK's children's radio station Fun Kids. PSHE. Well, crime and punishment is an important part of Britain's history; children will learn all about how it has developed at KS2. Today, a person who is accused of a crime is able to defend themselves in court, as part of the justice system. Primary / The Hyde Park Barracks, in Sydney, has a layered history. In 1667, King Louis XIV set up a police force in Paris, which was the largest city in the world at the time. A great medium-length book for Year 4 and up, and one that will appeal to fans of Liz Pichon, Danny Wallace or Sam Copeland. $5.73 + $20.23 shipping . After Sally Lockharts father drowns at sea, she is plunged into a terrifying mystery in the dark heart of Victorian London, at the centre of which lies a deadly blood-soaked jewel. Vita arrives in New York to find that her grandfather has been robbed of his family home, Hudson Castle, by mafia-linked scammers. Using her brilliant computer skills, Vicky decides to hack into the bank computer files to find evidence of the truth about the real thief. Crime and punishment -Medieval England Anglo-Saxon, Norman and Later Middle Ages Changes in crime Anglo-Saxons-New crimes such as stealing from the Church more serious than stealing from others and fines for those who do not obey the rules of the Church in Lent -Wergild: the Anglo-Saxon system to end blood feuds which meant the families of victims were paid by those who killed Imagine a Hogwarts for criminals and you will very quickly understand the premise of these entertaining and light-hearted books. Teach your children about crime and punishment using our handy topic guide! endobj Crime and punishment in the Middle ages | Teaching Resources Crime and punishment in the Middle ages Subject: History Age range: 11-14 Resource type: Other 12 reviews File previews pptx, 1.11 MB pptx, 855.96 KB docx, 10.83 KB One PP on what were crimes and another on what punishments were used Creative Commons "Sharealike" The most recent HA survey suggests that crime and punishment is a popular theme as a Key Stage 2 development study covering the period after 1066. 10 0 obj As the hunt is on for the missing painting, criminals start to think that it might be hidden at Mia and Jakes school. 8. Investigate crime and punishment in Tudor times. <> Many severe executions are conducted in China. But did they manage to conquer crime? One day, the Royal Family announces a 25 million reward for a painting that has been missing for about 200 years a second version of The Mona Lisa. Use the slow reveal technique to encourage pupils to focus on specific detail. For children who like a high image-to-text ratio, we recommend trying the 13 Storey Treehouse series or Real Pigeons Fight Crime - both of which are tried-and-tested hits with fans of Jamie Smart. Learn about how the police were formed in the eighteenth century and how their job has changed over the years. Learn all about Dick Turpin, the famous highwayman. These were some of the most common Tudor punishments: Whipping was used to punish petty crimes like theft. 3 0 obj Discover our recommended booklist - Best Books This Month - March 2023 - with recommended books and quality texts for primary ages and topics. COMPLETE COURSE - Crime and Punishment through time, c1000 - present. This resource has been archived as the interactive parts no longer work. But there are two things Ben doesnt know about his grandma. After 1215 Trial by Ordeal was replaced by Trial by Jury. The above video may be from a third-party source. Copyright The Historical Association 2023. The Tower of London was used as a prison during Tudor and Stuart times; some of its most famous prisoners include Queen Elizabeth I (during the reign of her sister Mary), Sir Walter Raleigh and Guy Fawkes. 7. confidence. Empty reply does not make any sense for the end user. The Lord's Steward was in charge of the King's court. Match up the key word with its definition. Year group(s) the book is most suitable for: Does the book contain anything that teachers would wish to know about before recommending in class (strong language, sensitive topics etc.)? This lesson focuses on how influential the Romans were in the history of crime and punishment in Britain. 2 hours (either 10am 12noon or 12.30pm 2.30pm), Explore key museum spaces with a dedicated education guide, Come face to face with infamous historical characters, Examine the changes in prisons using objects and artefacts. ",#(7),01444'9=82. When crimes occurred, villagers had to raise the "hue and cry". 2000 to to today 1603 43 toto 1714 1914 1918 1483 to 410 1837 1901 1154 410 to 1066 1066 1154 1939 to 1945 1483 1603 . But, if they did not catch the culprit, he or she would not be tried. The Capital Letters and Full Stops Activity Pack. Something went wrong, please try again later. Listen to this podcast to find out. A funny art heist mystery from the duo behind Chocolate Milk, X-Ray Specs and Me. Capital punishment: the death penalty. Display time : 45 minutes to one hour. Serious crimes were heard in the King's court 8. An easy-to-read introduction to Dick Turpin with short chapters and dyslexia-friendly formatting. The Lord's Steward was in charge of the King's court. <> 13 0 obj This resource has been archived as the interactive parts no longer. Use our classroom jukebox, random number generator, autocue, jukebox, pupil picker and stopwatch on a large display for whole class work or on mobile devices for independent activities! Make a timeline of developments in crime and punishment. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Saxon crime prevention & policing 1. These include child-friendly eBooks, differentiated activity resources and classroom display materials. With a modern-day urban setting in a high-rise block, this entertaining whodunnit will keep you turning the pages. Play our cool KS1 and KS2 games to help you with Maths, English. These were some of the most common Tudor punishments: Whipping was used to punish petty crimes like theft. BLOOD FEUDS If a person committed a crime against another then the victim's family may have a blood feud with the criminal's family. KS2 Maths - 2020-08 Ks2 Complete Sats Practice Papers - CGP Books 2007-09-01 Become a Member | Bitesize Primary games! Fyodor Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment (Hardback) Mint Editions. Through the ages, different punishments have been devised, some of which are very gruesome and cruel. Crime and punishment This post-1066 thematic unit has been produced to meet demand from KS2 teachers for a topic that is genuinely relevant and up-to-date for top juniors: something for them to get their teeth into and to voice their own opinions. Nottingham's former Courthouse and Gaol houses the UK's largest collection of over 40,000 law, justice, crime, and punishment artefacts and is an ideal location to bring crime and punishment studies to life. You are here: Crime and Punishment School Trips Wednesday, 09 January 2019 School groups can experience interactive tours and workshops and investigate topics such as crime and punishment through the ages, Victorian History, capital punishment, rehabilitation and the effects of crime on the victims and families. Shes the boringest grandma ever: all she wants to do is to play Scrabble, and eat cabbage soup. English Age 7-8 - Alison Head 2015-07 . One popular (and somewhat gruesome) theme is crime and punishment. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. He wanders about the city, barely eats, and hatches a vague plan he wishes to "test" one afternoon. These were used to publicly humiliate the criminal, the public may have even thrown rubbish or verbally abused them. You may Investigate crime in Britain, its prevention and punishment, from the 13th century to the present. What was crime and punishment like during World War Two? This also has the benefit of exploring pupils perceptions and attitudes and as such makes a massive contribution to citizenship. Report this resourceto let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Plus, when you become a Fun Kids Podcasts Plus subscriber, you get this show - and How did the war change crime and punishment? %PDF-1.5 Crime and Punishment One way of approaching the teaching of history beyond 1066 in Key Stage 2 is by taking a broad overview of a theme over time. Since ancient times, people have made rules, or laws. <> Debate issues around penalties appropriate to their own time. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. You can also combine this activity with one of our Courtroom Workshops , or a visit to the City of Caves and enjoy a full day visit for just 11 per student. When Salim disappears from a capsule on the London Eye, the police are baffled. The pack includes a lesson plan, differentiated worksheets and a PowerPoint to scaffold understanding of a key part of the changing social history of Britain. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Good Thieves transports readers back to the roaring twenties in New York City, complete with its mafia presence, its speak-easy hide-outs and promises of wealth. All crimes had harsh punishments. This one is set in 18th century Cornwall, where Kitty and her family live in a small fishing village. Access to this resource requires any key stage licence. Site created in November 2000. We accept no responsibility for any . Ancient Civilizations: Shang, Sumer, Indus, World Civilisations: Benin, Early Islamic Civilisations, The Secret Diary of Kitty Cask, Smugglers Daughter, Saxon Tales: The Shepherd Who Ate His Sheep. William Rowan Hamilton Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales (1150524), By using this site, you accept our 2. Thanks for sharing! Now the farmers have hatched a plan to shoot Mr Fox dead! The tales are retold in Marcia Williams' distinctive comic book style, with speech bubbles and many humorous details in both the text and illustrations that pupils will love. 10. Learn about the different kinds of criminal courts that people could face from the Anglo-Saxon times to the present day and undertake re-enactments of trials. A funny art heist mystery from the duo behind Chocolate Milk, X-Ray Specs and Me. Vicky's father is sent to jail for stealing a large sum of money from the bank and she sets about to prove that he is innocent. This video from the University of Derby is a great introduction to forensics. Affiliate disclosure: As an Amazon Associate, BooksForTopics earns from qualifying purchases. The Roman approach to criminal justice is summed up in two words: punishment and deterrence. <> Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies.