ekpe society cameroon ekpe society cameroon

The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. According to E.U. Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. . Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Here's a look inside. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. Explain. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. What role does religion play in society today? Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. 4. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. . According to him . This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. Another theory narrated by Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong asserts that Antia Ekot Otong founded Obutong. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. Right now, Ekpe . [26][28] This theory was narrated at the Hart's enquiry by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku but has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. In the culture we have discussed, the term nyama refers to: the power which exists in all things, which can be controlled only by special persons. You are using an out of date browser. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. 2017). One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. Prior to Akak, the theory were proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku.[25][26]. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. the exhibition explores the long- Talbot asserts that a great cotton tree had fallen down on many of the Abayen and in their pride of numbers, they believed they could hold the cotton tree. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. Collection of Eli Bentor. The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. Unblock notifications in browser settings. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. Simple theme. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. National Museum of African American History and Culture. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. The destruction of Obutong occurred in 1854. The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. identity. Enyi laja na lasha b nyeere ha aka idi nsogbu nd baara ha. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . Photo by Eli Bentor. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. (Ed.). [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. But most importantly, it should be mentioned that if its members did not support the ostensible reality of ekpe, as a thing to be feared and appeased, then the The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. [66] Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the JavaScript is disabled. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. But, Ekpe in the course of the colonial period underwent a wide range of fundamental changes in their structure, roles, status . Updates? [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. Read More mask "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. The Ekpe Society. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. [32] At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. [40] part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. ekpe society cameroonworld market toblerone. Photo by Eli Bentor. ekpe society cameroon. African literature has been disregarded as serious literature in the past because: Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the ______ script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. Essentially the leopard is a sign of royalty all over Central West Africa and the Calabar zone, and it's a symbol of their political autonomy. There are two distinct but related societies. [36] Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. Posted on March 01, 2015 Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. clothing stores in columbia mall I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. Photo by Jordan Fenton. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. Hugh, Goldie. Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites.